There are different materials that are used for the reinforcement of concrete, to come up with reinforced concrete. Most common material that is used in the reinforcement of concrete is steel. This is mainly because steel is hard and therefore tension forces will not affect it very much and also it can easily be coated to make it stainless.
The use of steel in reinforcement of concrete is done in different ways, depending on the desired outcome. There are singly reinforced concretes, where the steel reinforcements are only applied to assist the concrete to resist the tension forces. This type of steel is called tension steel. The reinforced concrete where the forces that are guarded against are both tension and compression are called compression steel. This method called double reinforcement is where the points that are tensile, meaning that tension forces are likely to act are properly reinforced.
The other points that are reinforced in addition are the compressive points, where the compression forces are most likely to act on. In taking these precautions, the constructors also take special care not over reinforce the building and to neither under reinforce the building. The effects of under reinforced concrete are that the tension steel reinforcement will give in to the pressure and eventually collapse. This is because, the combined compression force, which is the general compression force of the concrete and the force exerted at the compression steel will be more than the tensile force. The reinforced concrete will therefore collapse. In the cases of over reinforcement, the tension capacity happens to be greater than the combined compression force of the concrete and the force at the compression steel. This has an effect that the reinforced concrete building simply collapses. Another factor that may cause the reinforced concrete structure to be unstable and in extreme cases disintegrate is carbonation. This is whereby the calcium silicate in the concrete reacts with the carbon dioxide in the air.
This mainly happens when there are cracks in the concrete or when the cover layer was not adequately applied. Fresh holes are usually drilled in the surface to test how the building is coping with carbonation. The drilled hole is added an indicator to show weather carbonation has taken place in the concrete. If it turns pink, then carbonation has taken place and one can also determine how deep the extent of the carbonation is.
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