Pica - Causes, Symptoms, Information with Treatment

Pica is most common in people with developmental disabilities, including autism and mental retardation. Pica may also occur in adults who crave a certain texture in their mouth. The causes of pica of biochemical deficiency and more often iron deficiency. Iron deficiency (or "sideropenia") is the most common known form of nutritional deficiency, such as iron or zinc, that may trigger specific cravings. Cultural and familial factors- Clay or soil and the ingestion of starch may be culturally based and is regarded as acceptable by various social groups. Clay eating and starch eating are seen in the United States in some southern, rural, African American communities, primarily among women and children. Starch eating, in particular, is frequently started in pregnancy as a treatment of morning sickness and is seen most often in pregnant and postpartum females.

Learned behavior-In individuals with mental retardation and developmental disabilities in particular, the traditional view is that the occurrence of pica is a learned behavior maintained by the consequences of that behavior. Maternal deprivation, parental separation, parental neglect, child abuse, and insufficient amounts of parent/child interactions have been associated with pica. Treatment options include: discrimination training between edible and nonedible items, self-protection devices that prohibit placement of objects in the mouth, sensory reinforcement involving screening (covering eyes briefly), contingent aversive oral taste (lemon), contingent aversive smell sensation (ammonia), contingent aversive physical sensation (water mist), brief physical restraint, and overcorrection (correct the environment, or practice appropriate alternative responses).

Causes of Pica

common causes and risk factors of Pica

Nutritional deficiencies.

Cultural and familial factors.

Stress.

Low socioeconomic status

Nondiscriminating oral behavior.

Underlying biochemical disorder.

Signs and Symptoms of Pica

Sign and symptoms of Pica

Nonnutritive substances for a period of at least 1 month.

Nonnutritive substances is inappropriate to the developmental level.

Culturally sanctioned practice.

Treatment of Pica

Common Treatment of Pica

Treatment emphasizes psychosocial, environmental, and family guidance approaches.

Other successful treatments include mild aversion therapy (associating the pica behavior with bad consequences or punishment) followed by positive reinforcement for appropriate eating.

Medications may help reduce the abnormal eating behavior, if pica occurs in the course of a developmental disorder such as mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorder.

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Important Dog Training Information That Can Affect a Dog's Obedience

Dog training doesn't happen overnight, nor will it magically work on every dog all the time. If you really want to explore all the factors affecting the success rate of canine disciplining, it would be great to understand all the possible dog training information available. Get a grasp of the context and background of your beloved pet. The more you understand his personality, the better you'll be able to gauge suitable training methods for him.

To start off, allow yourself to be curious about the origin of dogs. Being aware of this allows you to recognize the existence of certain genetic or behavioral traits and then act according to those. Since dogs descended from wolves, they share the recognition of a hierarchy or social structure. The leader of a pack is called an alpha male. When training your dog, show him that you're his alpha male and that he takes orders from you. You'll gain his respect and obedience that way. Dogs are also used to routine so keep in mind that sessions should stick to a routine.

Another valuable training information is that dogs are naturally sociable and thrive on interaction. You may use this as a basis for positive reinforcement. As a reward for favorable behavior, interact with your dog by patting, praising or giving him treats. If he has misbehaved, ignore him as a punishment. Although this is not recommendable, it is a better alternative to physical punishment.

A crucial part of dog training information is in understanding a dog's memory. They have short memory retention but possess great memory association. They may not know exactly where you hide their treats, but if they do something that you like, they know that you'll be giving them their treats and toys after. This training via positive reinforcement is important as you'd want to emphasize the dog's rights over wrongs by rewarding him. Since he associates good behavior with something that benefits him, he'll learn to do it more often.

Training language is another important training consideration and when choosing words for commands, the simpler and shorter, the better. Think of it this way, if you were talked to using a foreign language, you could retain only so much of the unfamiliar utterances. The same goes for your dog; keep it brief. Do check out for the clarity of a word too, make sure it isn't a commonly used word that occurs in the middle of sentences and confuses your dog. Lastly, exercise consistency. If you've decided on a command word, then stick to it! With great memory association, dogs will recognize that this certain word matches this specific action that he's doing.

Key dog training information also includes the structure of the training. Should you hire a personal trainer, send the dog to obedience school, or train him yourself? Many suggest that since you'll be living and interacting with the dog more often, it would be best that you personally train it. As mentioned earlier, you want to establish the fact that you're your dog's alpha male. Training him yourself breeds better obedience for your commands.

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Information About the Reinforced Concrete Process

There are different materials that are used for the reinforcement of concrete, to come up with reinforced concrete. Most common material that is used in the reinforcement of concrete is steel. This is mainly because steel is hard and therefore tension forces will not affect it very much and also it can easily be coated to make it stainless.

The use of steel in reinforcement of concrete is done in different ways, depending on the desired outcome. There are singly reinforced concretes, where the steel reinforcements are only applied to assist the concrete to resist the tension forces. This type of steel is called tension steel. The reinforced concrete where the forces that are guarded against are both tension and compression are called compression steel. This method called double reinforcement is where the points that are tensile, meaning that tension forces are likely to act are properly reinforced.

The other points that are reinforced in addition are the compressive points, where the compression forces are most likely to act on. In taking these precautions, the constructors also take special care not over reinforce the building and to neither under reinforce the building. The effects of under reinforced concrete are that the tension steel reinforcement will give in to the pressure and eventually collapse. This is because, the combined compression force, which is the general compression force of the concrete and the force exerted at the compression steel will be more than the tensile force. The reinforced concrete will therefore collapse. In the cases of over reinforcement, the tension capacity happens to be greater than the combined compression force of the concrete and the force at the compression steel. This has an effect that the reinforced concrete building simply collapses. Another factor that may cause the reinforced concrete structure to be unstable and in extreme cases disintegrate is carbonation. This is whereby the calcium silicate in the concrete reacts with the carbon dioxide in the air.

This mainly happens when there are cracks in the concrete or when the cover layer was not adequately applied. Fresh holes are usually drilled in the surface to test how the building is coping with carbonation. The drilled hole is added an indicator to show weather carbonation has taken place in the concrete. If it turns pink, then carbonation has taken place and one can also determine how deep the extent of the carbonation is.

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