Concrete Reiforcement Tips - Patios, Driveways, Sidewalks and Home Foundations

hometips.gregvan.com This is one of our better videos and I would recommend that you watch this video, if you're planning on building a patio, driveway, sidewalk or even a house foundation out of concrete. Learn how you can use different types of concrete reinforcing technics to strengthen your driveways and building foundations. Thanks for watching our videos and we would appreciate any positive and constructive comments that you could leave for us. Don't forget to visit our other websites for more information about building foundations and home construction.



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How to Seal a Concrete Driveway

Sealing a concrete driveway is a simple, inexpensive and fast way to maintain the value of a home. Your concrete driveway is one of the first things people see when they drive up to your home. That is why it is a good idea to keep the concrete driveway looking as good as the day it was installed. Sealing the concrete driveway with a penetrating siloxane concrete sealer will give years of protection to the driveway. Another name for them is siloxane water repellent.

How Concrete Driveways Deteriorate

Water that penetrates and expands from freezing does most of the damage to concrete driveways. That is because the water expands 9% in volume when it freezes. This expansion can physically break the concrete bonds and cause it to flake, pit, spall and crack. Sealing the concrete reduces the amount of water absorption.

De-icing salts do damage to the concrete also. The salts attack the surface layer of concrete and the steel reinforcement inside the concrete. When de-icing salts are applied, the melted water can enter the concrete and then refreeze as the temperature drops.

Sealing the concrete with a penetrating siloxane sealer, also called a siloxane water repellent will reduce water and salt uptake and the number of freeze-thaw cycles the concrete goes through.

Penetrating Concrete Sealers

Concrete driveways are high traffic areas, with cars entering and leaving and kids using them for basketball courts. That is why your concrete driveway needs to have a penetrating sealer as opposed to a surface sealer.

A surface sealer is just that, it is applied to the surface and does not penetrate. The surface sealer will wear away rapidly from use. Every time a car pulls in or someone bounces a ball on it, a little bit of the sealer is removed. Some surface sealers can make the driveway slick and dangerous when it rains because the rough texture is covered up.

On the other hand, a siloxane sealer penetrates below the concrete surface. Siloxane sealers form a hydrophobic barrier against water and de-icing salt attack. They are commonly called siloxane water repellents. Because they are below the surface, they are protected from wear on the surface of the concrete. The natural texture of the concrete is maintained so traction and safety are not a concern. Finally, because the concrete sealer is below the surface, there is no shininess or gloss to the concrete.

Step 1. Let the Concrete Cure

Freshly poured concrete cannot be sealed. It must cure for 21-30 days prior to application of a penetrating sealer.

Step 2. Clean the Driveway

Broom off any loose debris such as dirt, mud and leaves off of the driveway. If there are any oil or grease stains, these should be removed to the best of your ability with a pressure washer.

Step 3. Allow the Concrete to Dry

Water-based siloxane sealers need to have the concrete dry for 24 hours prior to application. No rain should fall within this 24 hour time period. This will reduce the dilution of the siloxane sealer and ensure that the maximum amount gets into the concrete substrate itself.

Step 4. Spray, Roll or Brush on the Sealer

It doesn't really matter which method of application is used, but of course a roller is faster than a brush and a pump up garden sprayer is faster than a roller. No other special equipment is needed. You do not need to worry about getting it onto plants or grass. If any gets onto metal or windows, wash it off immediately with soapy water and a sponge.

Apply only enough concrete sealer that a slight whitish color is seen. Any ponding of material should be spread evenly prior to drying.

Step 5. Keep Rain and Traffic off of it for 24 hours

The sealer will dry in 1-4 hours but it is a good idea to keep cars and traffic off of the driveway for 24 hours. Application should occur when rain is not in the forecast for 24 hours after application to give the sealer plenty of time to penetrate and seal.

Once cured the siloxane sealer becomes a bonded component of the concrete driveway. A properly sealed concrete driveway will give years of protection from damage. The return on investment will be worth the time and expense of application.

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Rebar: Steel Reinforcement for Concrete Structures

Rebar is an abbreviation for the main ingredient in reinforced concrete: steel bars that are embedded in poured concrete footings, walls, slabs and other structures to make them stronger. Small ridges in each piece of rebar create a mechanical connection between concrete and steel after the concrete hardens. As a result, the finished footing, wall or slab gains considerable strength, especially in tension. A reinforced concrete slab or wall will be able to withstand force applied by expansive soil, by settling, and even (in some cases) by seismic activity.

Rebar comes in different thicknesses, and is sometimes coated with a finish to protect against corrosion. Building codes and engineering specifications determine rebar size, spacing and other steel reinforcement details for poured concrete structures. To keep the steel continuous, individual lengths of rebar are typically bent to extend around corners and overlapped so that they can be tied together with steel tie wire. On larger structures like concrete columns and grade beams, rebar "cages" are welded together and positioned inside forms. Concrete slabs often contain rebar as well as welded wire mesh.

Rebar problems are often a factor when concrete fails by cracking, shifting or settling. Contractors sometimes use little or no steel reinforcement in spite of what building plans call for, simply to save on construction expenses. Another problem can occur when rebar isn't positioned correctly, or if it shifts out of position during the pour. If the steel reinforcement is too close to the surface or edge of the concrete, its strengthening properties are compromised and it's more likely to rust, which will weaken the concrete further. There's a high price to pay if steel reinforcement details are poorly installed prior to pouring a concrete structure, and these poor construction practices keep foundation repair specialists busy. Fortunately, a skilled foundation repair specialist can rely on other types of steel reinforcement -like steel piers, brackets and tiebacks, for example-to correct foundation problems that result from inadequately reinforced concrete.

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An Overview of Concrete Slabs

A concrete slab is a flat, rectangular and reinforced concrete structure, which can be sized in it length and width but is of a lesser depth, and used in the construction of floors, roofs, bridge decks, etc.

Design

There are many designs, for a suspended slab in order to develop the ratio of its strength and weight. In all the cases only the bottom side is changed where as the top surface is flat:

o Corrugated, here the concrete is discharged in a ridged tray made of steel. It increases the strength of the slab and stops the bending of the slab underneath the weight of its own.
o Ribbed slab, here significant additional strength is given on 1 direction.
o Waffle slab, here extra strength is given in both of the directions.
o One-way slab, here the structural strength is given in the shortest direction.
o Two-way slab, here the structural strength is given in two directions.

The Building of Concrete Slab

The concrete slab might be either a prefabricated one or an in situ one. In prefabricated slabs, the slabs are built in factories and are taken to the site where it is lowered to its place between steel or concrete beams. It might be pre-stressed in the factory, or post-stressed at the site or even turn out to be an unstressed one. The main disadvantage of such slab is that if they are not of the right dimensions, it might not fit. In case of in situ construction, the concrete slab is built on the site of the building using a box into which wet concrete mixture is poured called formwork.

Rebar's are to be positioned in the formwork before concrete mixture is poured into them, if the slabs are to be reinforced. When concrete sets completely and to ensure it has completely enclosed the reinforcement, either plastic tipped metal or plastic bar chairs are utilized so that the rebar is held away from the foundation as well as sides of the formwork. Formwork used for a ground slab may only have sidewalls pressed into the floor where as form-work used for a suspended slab is in the shape of a tray, and is supported, till concrete sets, using a scaffold. Wooden planks in addition to boards, steel or plastics are commonly used to build a form-work. Plastics and steel are commonly used on business building sites as they cut back labor cost, whereas on low budgeted sites, like for making a concrete garden path, the wooden planks are used as they are cheap.

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BlanketRoller - the Fastest and Easiest Way to Handle Concrete Curing Blankets

Curing blankets that are rolled and strapped are far easier to handle, load onto trailers or pickup trucks, and move around jobsites. The BlanketRoller is a tool that allows one man to effortlessly roll up and secure concrete curing blankets or construction barrier fencing in seconds from a comfortable standing position anywhere on the jobsite. Now you can send one man to pull 50 blankets off a jobsite by himself and he wont even have to work hard. Simply pull the blanket between the two tubes, turn the crank handle approximately six times, and the curing blanket is completely rolled up and ready to secure and slide right off. The BlanketRoller is made to be easily transported in the bed of any full size pickup or in a short box pickup with handle removed (remove handle by pulling pin) where it can be assembled and disassembled in three easy steps without any tools. Use the receiver hitch of a pickup truck or mount it to a trailer using the trailer mount bracket which is available separately. For additional versatility and mobility on jobsites, the trailer mount bracket can be clamped to a skid loader, a steel column, one of the forks on a fork lift, or any heavy object so the BlanketRoller goes where the curing blankets are instead of dragging the curing blankets over rebar and through the snow, mud and wind.



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Concrete Canvas Shelters '08

Concrete Canvas Shelters are rapidly deployable hardened shelters that require only water and air for construction. Visit www.concretecanvas.co.uk for further information. The key to CCS is the use of inflation to create a surface that is optimised for compressive loading. This allows thin walled concrete structures to be formed which are both robust and lightweight. CCS consist of a cement impregnated fabric (Concrete Cloth) bonded to the outer surface of a plastic inner which forms a Nissen-Hut shaped structure once inflated. Visit www.concretecanvas.co.uk for further information.



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Efficient steel reinforced concrete homes - PAD Systems

For more information, contact Phil at philtd@comcast.net. On March 11, 2003, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued Patent number US 6530553 B1 for the PAD System, an innovative proprietary method of constructing concrete masonry buildings. Many buildings are constructed of reinforced concrete ie, walls, floor and roof slabs to effect durability and stability. These properties are especially desirable for buildings such as houses and multi-story dwellings, which are susceptible to destructive windstorms, earthquakes and fire. Concrete masonry structures are not prone to attack by termites, rotting and vermin, as structures of wood and other materials may be. One traditional method of constructing buildings is to use standard cement blocks, joined by mortar and subsequently plastered on both sides by skilled masons. Because the individual cement blocks are placed manually, one at a time (the most common method of installation) the need for skilled masons to erect the blocks and plaster the walls, makes this method labor intensive, costly and time consuming. In addition, it is subject to the availability and skill of the required masons. The PAD System, eliminates the need for skilled labor entirely; NO cement blocks are incorporated into the building. The molds are fabricated of steel plate, similar to molds used in pre-cast plants. Therefore, when the molds are released from the cast-in-place concrete, the wall finishes are similar in appearance and texture ...



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Basics of Rebar Detailing & Concrete Reinforcement For Structures

Rebar = Reinforcement Steel Bar

Detail:

to describe distinctly and minutely

to allocate a particular task

to provide detail drawings of each element of design

A rebar or reinforcing bar, is a common steel bar used generally in reinforced concrete (RCC) structures and masonry establishments. It is typically crafted from carbon steel and is given ridges for better mechanical fixing into the concrete. It can also be depicted as reinforcing steel or rebar reinforcement. In Australia it is conventionally called as "reo".

In general, any material with adequate tensile strength could feasibly be used to reinforce concrete. But since the thermal expansion coefficient of steel is almost same as that of concrete, a concrete member reinforced with steel will undergo minimal stress as a result of differential expansions of the two interconnected materials produced by temperature changes.

If steel has an expansion coefficient totally different to that of modern concrete, it would create problems through additional perpendicular and longitudinal stresses as a result of large temperature changes. Although rebar has ribs that fasten it mechanically to the concrete, under high stresses it may pull out of the concrete, an event that often leads to a large-scale collapse of structures. To avoid such a failure, rebar is either bent & hooked at the ends to fasten it around the concrete or deeply entrenched into adjacent structural members.

Cutting & bending of steel rebar sticks to fixing them into the concrete block or member is generally performed by expert reinforcement fabricators or rebar detailers. Rebar detailing is a crucial job and requires precision to deliver greater stability to the structure. The expert rebar detailers uses latest software technologies like Tekla, Revit and AutoCAD to provide exact rebar shop drawings as per the specifications and needs of structure or building. The accuracy of bending operations is crucial to ensure that they fit correctly at the construction site and at the same time keep necessary lap lengths & anchorage length.

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Concrete Beam Design - Bridge Engineering - Working CAD Drawings

A commercial bridge contains three main structural members - Substructure (foundation), Superstructure and Deck. The foundation is used to transmit the full weight of the bridge to the earth. It is made up of two components - abutments and columns. An abutment is the link between the end of the bridge and the ground offering support to the end segments of the bridge. The superstructure is the horizontal platform that extends over the distance between columns. The deck of the bridge is the traffic-carrying exterior plane added to the superstructure.

The bridge design involves number of factors, including the live/dead loads, wind patterns, local geography, water streams, soil conditions, seismic potential, estimated traffic and cost constraints.

The basic type of bridge is the beam or girder bridge having concrete beam as its main component. The design of pre-stressed concrete beams is perhaps one of the most complex jobs for the structural engineer. With most materials, the designer has to select the shape of the cross section and web & flange thicknesses. In pre-stressed concrete, there are many variables. Not only the shape is variable, but the position and quantity of the pre-stress can be changed to suit the specific application.

The structural engineer firm needs to prepare and submit various construction drawings to local authorities and Engineer of Records (EOR) for approval. AutoCAD drawings related to concrete beam design contain beam reinforcement details, design notes, precast slab reinforcements details, bridge cross section, pier pile cap details, abutment pile reinforcement details and various detail drawings for the concrete bridge.

Remember, to ensure effective bridge beam design and its successful implementation you should hire a professional design team to deliver drawings as per your specifications & standards. You can also think over outsourcing concrete beam design related needs to developing countries like India for better utilization of your resources & get significant cost advantages!

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Concrete Crack Repair in Basement Walls

Concrete cracks in nearly every wall in a basement. Builders and contractors plan for this cracking by placing steel reinforcing inside the concrete walls. Even though the concrete has cracked, this reinforcement maintains the strength of the wall and it is not a problem for a typical home's foundation.

Ways Water gets into the Basement

Unfortunately these concrete cracks allow water to enter the basement. Many homes built today have a waterproofing membrane on the outside of the foundation to control the water and keep it from getting into the basement interior. Older homes are vulnerable to water leaking in because they do not have a waterproofing membrane installed at all. But it is still possible for the crack to be too large for the waterproofing to stretch over the crack and the membrane then tears. Or if the grading is incorrect and slopes toward the house, rainwater will pool next to the home above the level of the waterproofing, enter the concrete crack and flow to the interior. Finally, it is possible for a home's landscaping to be above the protective waterproofing and let water into the concrete crack above the waterproofing membrane.

Repairing the Concrete Crack

Homeowners or professional can fill the crack from the inside of the basement and prevent water from leaking in. Making the repair from the inside is a cost effective and quick method that does not disturb the soil and landscaping on the outside. The repair to the concrete crack is done by injecting an expanding urethane foam into the crack.

Liquid Urethane Foam Injection

The urethane enters the crack as a liquid and when it encounters water, it begins to foam and expand. This expansion forces the foam to completely fill the crack from bottom to top and from front to back. When finished, the foam will keep the water where it belongs, on the outside of the concrete foundation.

The width of the crack does not matter. If water can get through the concrete crack, so can the liquid urethane. This is because the urethane is injected under low pressure with either a standard caulk gun or if done by a professional, by a special dual cartridge gun. A home owner or professional does not have to do any drilling or chiseling to make the crack wider.

While water is required to be present to act as a catalyst to make the urethane to begin to foam, the repair can still be done if the crack is dry. Simply inject 1/2 cup of water into the concrete crack with a spray bottle to make the concrete crack wet inside it.

A Dry Basement

Once the concrete crack is filled with urethane foam water will not be able to leak into the basement. The homeowner can now finish the basement and be sure that the contents will be safe and dry for years to come.

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How to Calculate Amount of Aggregates in Concrete

Aggregates in concrete are the different materials mixed with cement and then water is added to make consistent paste.This paste is what is called concrete excluding reinforcement steel. Concrete is what is used to cast suspended floors, bases of foundations, ground floors, lintels, beams, columns and many structural elements. The materials used to cast concrete include cement, sand as the fine and ballast as the coarse aggregate respectively.

When a developer is casting any concrete works, aggregates must be calculated by the following processes. A fifty kilograms bag of cement on average can concrete about ten feet length at a depth of six inches thickness and eighteen inches width. A richer mix of one is to two is to four requires more cement than a mix of one is to three is to six. Therefore a foundation of three hundred feet with width and thickness as above would need about thirty bags.

Amount of coarse aggregate required equals volume to be concreted, thus to calculate amount of ballast know the volume to be concreted and this is equivalent to amount coarse aggregates. For the weight to be known multiply volume of concrete by one fifth to get tonnage required. Calculate the volume in cubic meters. Concrete of five cubic needs seven and a half cubic meters. This also depends on the size of ballast to be used and the use of the concrete.

To calculate the amount of fine aggregate which is sand its important to know its properties. Sand bulks when wet and shrinks when dry. Since the volume to concrete is equal to eighty percent of sand volume required on average then it means that due to bulking or shrinkage add about twenty percent to make equal to concrete volume. As a builder use proper batching boxes to measure aggregates and follow mixes stipulated to get the right concrete mix.

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Information About the Reinforced Concrete Process

There are different materials that are used for the reinforcement of concrete, to come up with reinforced concrete. Most common material that is used in the reinforcement of concrete is steel. This is mainly because steel is hard and therefore tension forces will not affect it very much and also it can easily be coated to make it stainless.

The use of steel in reinforcement of concrete is done in different ways, depending on the desired outcome. There are singly reinforced concretes, where the steel reinforcements are only applied to assist the concrete to resist the tension forces. This type of steel is called tension steel. The reinforced concrete where the forces that are guarded against are both tension and compression are called compression steel. This method called double reinforcement is where the points that are tensile, meaning that tension forces are likely to act are properly reinforced.

The other points that are reinforced in addition are the compressive points, where the compression forces are most likely to act on. In taking these precautions, the constructors also take special care not over reinforce the building and to neither under reinforce the building. The effects of under reinforced concrete are that the tension steel reinforcement will give in to the pressure and eventually collapse. This is because, the combined compression force, which is the general compression force of the concrete and the force exerted at the compression steel will be more than the tensile force. The reinforced concrete will therefore collapse. In the cases of over reinforcement, the tension capacity happens to be greater than the combined compression force of the concrete and the force at the compression steel. This has an effect that the reinforced concrete building simply collapses. Another factor that may cause the reinforced concrete structure to be unstable and in extreme cases disintegrate is carbonation. This is whereby the calcium silicate in the concrete reacts with the carbon dioxide in the air.

This mainly happens when there are cracks in the concrete or when the cover layer was not adequately applied. Fresh holes are usually drilled in the surface to test how the building is coping with carbonation. The drilled hole is added an indicator to show weather carbonation has taken place in the concrete. If it turns pink, then carbonation has taken place and one can also determine how deep the extent of the carbonation is.

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What is Bar Bending? - Schedule and Correct Concrete Reinforcement

Bar bending schedule or bar scheme diagram is the comprehensive representation of cut and bend bars as per the design requirements of reinforcement detailer. It helps in determining appropriate material quantities, strength and cost estimation.

Bar bending schedule is used as a guide in positioning various structural members such as footings, beams, columns, girders, piles, walls, etc upon casting.

Some examples are the bending of hooks, bending of stirrups & ties, meeting point of the top and bottom bars, bend for anchorages, bend of bars in slabs, U straps, and bend for longitudinal position of re-bars. Bar scheme diagram requires a thorough structural analysis for better safety and stability of the concrete structure.

In the UK, BS 8666:2000 standard specifies requirements for bar bending, scheduling, dimensioning and cutting of reinforcing steels. BS8666 has gradually replaced old BS 4466 standard which is still being used in some contracts. The discrepancy in shape codes between these standards is significant and sometimes lead to contradiction. Hence, it is crucial that the standard being used is clearly stated on the schedule.

The bar bending schedule is used to communicate requirements for cut & bent shapes from the detailer to the fabricator. The schedule contains specialized notes to describe various reinforcing materials available in the market - including different grades of standard stainless steels (BS6744), carbon steels (BS4449) & special steels.

Although the process of cutting and bending of reinforcement is relatively complex, the fabricator is well equipped to do the job within a definite set of quality management criteria. The precision of cutting and bending activities is crucial to ensure appropriate fit on site and to facilitate necessary anchorage lengths, lap lengths and cover.

In recent times basic practices of cutting and bending have changed considerably due to increased use of computer control, automation and IT systems. A recent development is carpet reinforcement which consists of a series of reinforcing bars welded to a lean steel strip. It can be rolled up like a carpet and is suitable for reinforcement of many types of slabs. It is observed that carpet system can offer savings of up to 30-40% in material & 80-90% in fixing costs!

For further details on bar bending schedule or sample diagram email us at info@outsourcestructuraldrafting.com

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3D Animation of a Reinforced Concrete Beam and Slab

Civil engineering 3D Animation of a reinforced concrete structure (1 of 3) It shows the chronological order of the construction phase of a beam and slab. Done as part of a Final Year Project in nuigalway. Created using autocad, sketchup & V-Ray



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Made in Germany | New Life for the Steel Industry

5 years in construction, Thyssen Krupp Steel's blast furnace number 8 has now fired up in Duisburg. It is 15 years since the last one was built, but Asia's insatiable demand for raw materials means the future is bright. The new furnace cost a quarter of a billion euros and is expected to repay the investment quite soon. Capable of processing 6000 tonnes of raw iron a day, it has secured long-term jobs for 1200 in-house and 3600 outside employees. The international steel boom is forecast to continue, which is why Thyssen Krupp Steel has invested some 6 million euros in developing its steel capacity world-wide. A report by Hagen Tober.



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Rohrer's Quarry - RCC job Lititz, PA - Mid Atlantic Concrete Equipment

Roller-compacted concrete, or RCC, takes its name from the construction method used to build it. It's placed with conventional or high-density asphalt paving equipment, then compacted with rollers. But unlike conventional concrete, it's a drier mix—stiff enough to be compacted by vibratory rollers. Typically, RCC is constructed without joints. It needs neither forms nor finishing, nor does it contain dowels or steel reinforcing. These qualities have taken roller-compacted concrete from specialized applications to mainstream pavement. Today, RCC is used for any type of industrial or heavy-duty pavement. The reason is simple. RCC has the strength and performance of conventional concrete with the economy and simplicity of asphalt. Coupled with long service life and minimal maintenance, rcc's low initial cost adds up to economy and value. The high strength of RCC pavements eliminates common and costly problems traditionally associated with asphalt pavements. RCC pavements: Resist rutting Span soft localized subgrades Will not deform under heavy, concentrated loads Do not deteriorate from spills of fuels and hydraulic fluids Will not soften under high temperatures



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